Effect of grazing disturbance on floral display, pollen limitation and plant pollination efficiency in the desert steppe

Abstract Background Grazing disturbance usually affects floral display and pollination efficiency in the desert steppe, which may cause pollen limitation in insect-pollinated plants.Effective pollination is essential for the reproductive success of insect-pollinated plants and insufficient pollen transfer may result in pollen limitation.Caragana mi

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Dual function of a highly conserved bacteriophage tail completion protein essential for bacteriophage infectivity

Abstract Infection of bacteria by phages is a complex multi-step process that includes specific recognition of Transfer Aides the host cell, creation of a temporary breach in the host envelope, and ejection of viral DNA into the bacterial cytoplasm.These steps must be perfectly regulated to ensure efficient infection.Here we report the dual functio

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